5 thoughts on “The essence of Confucianism thought”
Gina
Confucius advocated "benevolence". Mencius advocates "benevolence". It Confucius was born in 551 BC and died in 479 BC. It was the end of the Spring and Autumn Period at the age of 73. Confucius, Kong family, Mingqiu, word Zhongni. The ancestral home of Song Guo (now Xiayi County, Shangqiu City, Henan Province), in the late Spring and Autumn Period, Lu Guoyi (now Nanxin Town, Qufu City, Shandong Province). In the late Spring and Autumn Period, the famous thinkers, politicians, educators, and the founders of Confucianism created the atmosphere of private lectures. Confucius is hailed as "the Saint of Heaven" and "The Wumuo of the Heaven". It was one of the most scholars in society at that time. The emperor and the king of Wenxuan are the head of the "Top Ten Cultural Celebrities in the World". The legend that he has three thousand disciples and seventy -two disciples, and he has led some disciples to travel around the country. Revised "Poetry", "Book", "Li", "Le", preface "Zhou Yi", and write "Spring and Autumn". After the death of Confucius, his disciples and his disciples recorded the words and deeds and ideas of Confucius and his disciples, and compiled into the famous Confucian classic "The Analects of Confucius". Its Confucianism has a profound impact on China and the world. The country leader Li Xueqin, chief scientist and expert group of the "Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties" and "Chinese Civilization Source Project", pointed out: Confucius not only created Confucianism, but also created Yi Xue. The car war in the Spring and Autumn Period is an aristocratic war. Sometimes they look at each other in a competitive manner. There are certain procedures for arraying. Essence "Nothing is" a general trend at the time. According to principles, in some cases, the enemy is not chased. In some cases, do not shoot to the main enemy, and do not set up danger to win with scams. It has already given the enemy's first white spoon trauma, and does not take the second piercing. People with white hair are not subject to captives. These attitudes are very similar to the spirit of the Cavaliers in Europe. Although these principles cannot be complied with, they have a short time in war, and the number of people participating in the war is limited by the number of vehicles. In short, the war in the Spring and Autumn Period shows the instability of society. But the war itself is not enough to cause a comprehensive turbulence of society. In response to these conditions, Confucius was not completely disappointed with the situation at the time. His leisure and elegant represents the society at that time, and it is quite peaceful compared to the riots of the Warring States Period. Therefore, he still advocates "self -denial", showing that the past social order can still be recovered. He sometimes complained, saying what "can't do it, ride in the sea", "Phoenix birds are not, the river does not come out, and I have been a husband." ", That is, restore the original name of everything. "If you are useful, I am the East Zhou?" This did not mention the goodness of human nature or sexual evil. In the Analects of Confucius, the word "Ren" appeared 66 times, and there were no explanations in two places exactly the same. But he said that although he is a sage, he still has to be vigilant to prevent unrestrained words. It can be seen that he believes that sexual evil comes from innate. He also said, "Observing, Si Zhiren", as if this correction error, promoting his ability to be good. Although it is active, it still needs to be observed internally and outside. Mencius was not hesitant. He once said categorically: "The goodness of human nature is also the water, and the water is not good, and there is no goodness, and the water is all right." Confucius himself admitted that he could learn from the age of 70 that he could not surpass his heart at the age of 70. Mencius's self -confidence can be seen in the words he himself said, "I am good at raising my vast qi". This moral force, by his explanation, is purely generated by himself. So he said, "Whoever is, whoever is, is the same, and if you are, if you are." That is, it is declared that everyone can be a sage. Confucius attaches great importance to "ritual". Although Confucius praised Guan Zhong's contribution to state affairs, he still did not hesitate to attack his instruments more than the limit of people and ministers. Yan Yuan was a proud disciple of Confucius. When he died, Confucius cried, but Confucius opposed the burial of Yan Yuan according to the principle of "ritual"; and because of the "ritual" needs, Confucius saw Nanzi, making Zilu very unhappy. Although Confucius did not know that Yang goods were people, he still wanted to go back to him while the yang goods were not at home. Mencius has no such patience. King Qi Xuan said he was sick, and he was also called illness. When he saw King Liang Xiang, he came out and said, "Looking at it, he is not like a monarch." Lu Pinggong did not come to visit him, and he did not go to Lu Pinggong. He has suffered or unattended the gifts of the monarchs of various countries. He did Qi Guo's funeral, and when he was envoyed, he never talked about the deputy envoy. This in the middle, cannot be said to have nothing to do with the personality of Confucius and Mencius. Perhaps the records of "The Analects of Confucius" and "Mencius" are different and have an impact. However, in the sanctuary and Asian Sheng, about two hundred years, the situation in China has changed a lot. Mencius said, "This time, and the other time." These eight words can be used to explain the distance between them. Menzi (about 372 BC -289 BC), Mingyi, Zi Zi, Han nationality, Lu Guo Zou (now Zoucheng, Shandong Province), legendary he is the noble son of Lu Guoji The descendants of the father, the father's name is excited, and the mother is (zhǎng). Mencius was a great thinker and educator during the Chinese Warring States Period, a representative of the Confucian school. This politics, Mencius advocated the law of the king and the politics; in terms of theory, he admired Confucius and opposed Yang Zhu and Mo Zhai. Mencius inherited and developed Confucius 'thoughts, but compared with Confucius' thoughts, he joined his understanding of Confucianism, and some thoughts were more extreme. The sealed "Asian Sheng Gong" was called Yasheng by later generations. His disciples and disciples recorded Mencius's words and deeds as the book "Mencius". The book of prose of the phrase was the compilation of Mencius's remarks. He advocated benevolence and put forward the people's ideas of "the light of the people and noble monarchs", and traveled to all countries such as Qi, Song, Teng, Wei, and Lu, hoping to follow Confucius to implement their own political claims, which lasted more than 20 years. However, Mencius's benevolent theory is considered to be "far away and broader than things." In the end, he retreated to lecture, together with his students, "Poetry" and "Book", describing Zhongni (that is, Confucius), as seven articles "Mencius". "Mencius" mentioned that he saw King Liang Hui at the beginning of the opening. It was a matter of 336 BC. It has been 67 years before the Warring States Period. After 115 years, Qin Cai destroyed the six nations to unify China. During the Spring and Autumn Period, although the feudal system of the Zhou Dynasty could not be maintained, it was not completely corrupted. In the past, the small countries of each small country were politics. They presided over the national government's Qing and doctors and the taxis of the subordinate officers. All of them were hereditary, everything was in accordance with the rules, and everything was not applicable to the principle of "ritual". The conquest is still in the name of morality. Even if the rebellion is usurped, it will also invite the support related to the stakes of themselves. But the most important thing is that the war at this time has not affected the whole people, and it does not cause parents and brothers and wives to be discrete. Sometimes it is known as "revolutionary". This is because of the turmoil of the Warring States Period, which made him know that it was not possible to recover the stance without changing the string. Qi people were preparing to cut the swallow, and he said that Yan Kataba. King Qi Xuan asked the duty that he should do. He said, "If you have a big time, you will be easy to listen without listening." King Liang Xiang asked him: "The world is evil?" He replied: "It is set to one." King Xiang chased again, "Can one be one?" Mencius said, "Don't add to the murderer. "He once told Liang Hui that" the place is hundreds of miles, but can be king. " This is not what Confucius said, "Don't look at rituals, don't listen to rituals, don't speak without rituals, don't move without ritual". When Mencius began to lobby, it was also Shang Yang's torture. Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period, have prepared long -term fighting. Although the war at this time has not been as violent as in the end of the Warring States Period -all those over the age of fifteen years old must report to the fifteen years old, and 400,000 or 450,000 are buried -but at this time it is no longer spring and autumn. Times competitive war. Shang Yang Xiangqin, the first thing is to "make the people", which is based on the principle of a military organization, coupled with the whole people. On the battlefield, the cavalry also appeared, and the number of infantry people also increased a lot. "Beheading 60,000", "Beheading Seven Thousands" has begun to see the records of various countries. Mencius said: "People in the world who are in the world, there are no murderers." This sentence may reflect the situation of all countries at that time, and it can also be said that he was a kind of complaint against the nation's fate at the time. What he said, "the people have hunger, and the wild is hungry" cannot be targeted. The difference between gifts In after the Song Dynasty, "Mencius" became one of the "Four Books". In fact, it accounted for more than half of the "Four Books". The standard of 士 取 has an irregular impact on the history of Chinese thought. And Asian Sheng's heart with compassion, he invited the people. Sometimes he said what he said, and sometimes he was in your intuition, such as "seeing the cow without seeing the sheep", "gentleman far away kitchen". His theory of sexual goodness must have a compulsive inference. Since human beings are good, it is not too much forcing people to maintain this nature. This key is the freedom of Rousseau. His low -level equality thoughts -for example, "Le Sui full, the fierce year is unavoidable to death", and "provincial criminal penalty, thin tax convergence", in a simple agricultural society, is served as classics, and at the same time is in line with facts need. But today we read all "Mencius" and "Four Books", but we can't think of it as a political philosophy. We must also study their historical background. Sometimes it is the same as Mencius itself. Essence
First, Confucius and Mencius is the representative of the Confucian school. This of Confucius's thoughts with "benevolence", thinking that "benevolent" is "love". Put forward the arguments such as "do not do what you want, do not do people", "self -desire to stand up, and want to reach people" and other arguments. : "Cerelery for self -denial is benevolence." The religious superstition of the ghosts and gods since Yin Zhou, adopting doubts, thinking that "unknown life, knowing things ghosts", "unknown life, no gentleman." He also pays attention to the combination of "learning" and "thinking", and puts forward the views such as "learning without thinking, thinking without learning" and "warming and knowing new". The first private lecturer, advocating for teaching according to their aptitude, "there is no class", "learning without tires, tirelessness", emphasizing that "gentleman learning is loved, and villains are easy to do." Politically put forward the "rectification" claim, thinking that "the monarch, the ministers, the father, the father, and the son" should all be true to the "name", and put forward the view that "not suffer from suffering from unevenness, not suffering from poverty" viewpoints. Essence Since the Western Han Dynasty, Confucius has become the cultural orthodox of the feudal society for more than 2,000 years, which has a great impact. Men Mencius inherited and developed Confucius' German thoughts, developed into a benevolent doctrine, and became the core of its political thought. He applied the principles of "kiss" and "long" to politics to ease class contradictions and safeguard the long -term interests of the feudal ruling class. Monzi combines ethics and politics, emphasizing moral cultivation is the foundation of politics. He said: "The world is in the country, the nation is at home, and the family is in the body." Later, the "Xiu Qi Zhi Ping" proposed by "University" was developed based on Mencius's thoughts. Monzi summarizes the moral norms into four types, namely benevolence, righteousness, etiquette, and wisdom. At the same time, the relationship between humanity is summarized into five types, that is, "father and son have relatives, monarchs and ministers are righteous, couples are different, long and young, friends have faith." The highest category of Mencius philosophical thought is heaven. Mencius inherited Confucius' destiny thoughts, eliminated the meaning of the residual personality god, and imagined heaven as a spiritual entity with moral attributes. He said: "Sincerity, the way of heaven also." Mencius stipulated the ethical concept of Cheng as the essential attribute of heaven, thinking that heaven is the original originality of humanity. . Confucius and Mencius both admire the thoughts of "benevolence" and both tell the "benevolent lover", but there is a large difference between the two. First of all, from the personality of the two. Confucius was lingering, while Mencius was biased towards the world. As the founder of Confucianism, Confucius naturally leads to example and wants to be atmospheric, and he has to be a thick Confucian elder. This is related to the experience of Confucius' life. In his early years, Confucius was poor, he had done a drummer, and also let go of cattle and sheep. He was self -taught. Therefore, he naturally developed a humble personality. Respectfully. After becoming a materials, he also took this respectful habit, so he had the idea of "teaching and no class". He wanted young people to take less detours and teach young people. He is a teacher and an elder. Therefore, his tempering sub -road will be affected by him and worship him as a teacher. Forgiveness is always his creed of life. For example, in Chen Guo, he was described as a "bereavement dog" by others, and he was not angry. But in principle, righteous words are strict and uncompromising. When he found that Lu Guojun's ministers enjoyed the music he should not enjoy, he would also say "to be tolerable, unbearable." Therefore, Confucius's thickness contains righteousness. Mencius is different, and Mencius is even more angry. Mencius lived during the Warring States Period. During that period, the princes attacked each other. Renyi was already left behind, and the tradition of "extinguishing the success" also disappeared. However, the gods fought, mortals suffered, the people were displaced, and they were hungry. Mencius has closely linked the individual and society. He takes the people's duty as his responsibility. Naturally, he can't see the set of the princes. Stiring his indignation. Confucius is also angry, but his greatest anger is "the Tao is not good, and it floats to the sea." Mencius is different. Confucius' anger was born, Mencius's anger is the WTO, a heroic feeling, confidence. The more angry, the more he will enter the WTO. Therefore, from the perspective of the personality of later generations, Mencius's influence exceeded Confucius. Secondly, from their views on "benevolence", Confucius is the founder of the building, and Mencius is the founder and improvement of the building. Confucius proposed the "benevolent" idea of "in the spring and autumn without righteous war". He did not specify the "benevolent" ideology, and "benevolent" was just a general concept. On the basis of "benevolence", Mencius made its image as "unbearable heart", and established "sexual good theory" to discuss it, and then put forward the concept of "benevolence". From "benevolence" to "benevolent politics" is a leap from social morality to social politics. This leap will better consolidate the "benevolent" and can better implement the "benevolent politics". Third, from the perspective of specific governance, Confucius' administration program is relatively simple and primitive, and Mencius ’s administration programs are more detailed and specific. Confucius governing the world, but the two end of the "ceremony and music", his ritual is not to be overwhelming, the monarch, the ministers, the father, the father, the son; In simple terms, Jianzheng Shi Ren. Confucius also agreed with the development of the economy. He agreed with Guan Zhong very much. He said, "Micro controlled Zhong, I watched the left". He also agreed to punish it with appropriate punishment, but he did not agree with the punishment. Mencius is different. He believes that "the people are expensive, the community is the second, and the monarch is light", thinking that it can kill the "independent husband". To govern the country, "the joy of the ancient music is still happy", and to be "enjoying the people with the people" for the monarchs, so as to teach the people. Mencius did not agree with the punishment, but because of the punishment of various countries during the Warring States Period, he believed that the punishment was a "netizen". And he is most agreed with the development of the "five acres of houses, the trees are mulberry, and the fifty can be worn; At the time of the acres, there is no hunger at the time of the 10th home. " Mencius's economy is the two ends of "education". In general, the difference between Confucius and Mencius is probably in these three aspects, and their differences are mainly due to the times.
Confucius is the founder of Confucianism. Confucianism has a profound influence on Chinese culture. Naturally, it is necessary to mention him. This is also the pride of Chinese history and culture in the world. Some of Confucius' thoughts still have their practical significance today. Do you use it? Mainly because Confucius' thoughts on spiritual realm are as applicable today. For example: , according to the realm of personality, divide people into villains, gentlemen, and saints; according to the psychological category, divide people into three categories of wise, brave and benevolent; Realm: The wise man of villain (Xiaozhi), The brave of the villain (Xiaoyong), The villain's benevolent (Xiaode). The wise man of gentleman (Da Zhi), The couple of the gentleman (Da Yong),
The wise man of the saint (Sheng Zhi), The brave of the saints (Saint Yong), The benevolent of the saint (Saint De). In the textbooks, people can understand the essence of Confucius' thoughts, that is, with "benevolence" as the core and "ritual" as a form, focusing on self -cultivation. Among them, the connotation of "benevolence" is very rich. It can be seen that "benevolent" is a noble spiritual and moral realm and valuable ideology, and it is also a personal value orientation of individuals to others and groups. For politics and virtue, take the trust of the people, diligently and love the people, to use the people to use the people, worry about the people, etc., it can be said that it is the most basic requirement to implement the benevolence; "Etiquette" and other content, and more widely refer to a set of ritual laws and concepts that maintain a set of ritual laws and concepts that maintain the normal order of the country and society.
has no doubt that Confucius thought with "benevolence" and "ritual" as the central content has a profound impact in the Chinese, the world of the world, and even the world. However, in the "Cultural Revolution" in the 1960s and 1970s, the Chinese government once called on people to "break the four old" and "knock down Confucius" because Confucius' thoughts were "too feudal" and "loyalty thoughts were too heavy. ", Concept is" too mediocre ", and so on. "It was a special era of solving Confucius culture for political reasons for political reasons." Ding Chen, deputy director of the Qufu City Cultural Relics Bureau, said, "How to understand the essence and dross of them requires a nation to think." r , to this day, looking forward to China, people's emphasis on Confucius' thoughts can be seen everywhere:
In the Chinese government in governing the country, it advocates justice, the so -called "politician, right"; Pay attention to benevolence and advocate "governing the country with virtue" under the premise of maintaining the spirit of the legal system. In the "three representatives" proposed by the Communist Party of China, the final point is "the interests of the masses." Under the guidance of this policy, at present, governments and governments at all levels have regarded integrity and diligence, diligence and people, and love the people.
"Confucius' thoughts have guiding significance for governors from all over the world." Zhang Zhuxiu, deputy director of the Office of the Personnel Department of Shandong Province, said, "No matter which regime, if it is unfair, unfair, it is not for it. If the interests of the masses, this regime cannot be maintained for a long time. "
In the cultural field, Confucius' influence is still deeply deepened after more than 2500 years: in Qufu Normal University, Confucius Middle School, Confucius Middle School, Confucius Middle School, Confucius Middle School, Thousands of Chinese, middle and elementary school campuses such as Qufu Experimental Primary School, and other thousands of Chinese and elementary schools, Confucius' statues are very eye -catching -as a world -renowned cultural sage and educator, Confucius's status in the hearts of students is still irreplaceable;
Except for the campus, Confucius' influence in the entire Chinese cultural community can be called the right right: the "Confucius Research" and "Confucius and China" published by the Confucius Foundation and other units of the Confucius Foundation of China are all over the world; The International Confucius Cultural Festival organized by the National Tourism Administration exceeded one year for more than one year, including a number of internationally renowned cultural masters, senior Chinese government officials, and VIPs, including foreign envoys, all attended the meeting; There are more than 100 Confucius websites; Qufu's "Three Confucius" in Qufu in the hometown of Confucius has been listed as one of the hundred patriotic education bases across the country; As a teaching material for citizen's moral construction, the ideological education of minors, the quality of citizens, and corporate culture, for people to learn and experience ...
In the economic field, many Confucius' ideas have been widely advocated, use. Production companies pay attention to relying on product quality to play the market, just as Confucius: "Workers want to be good, they must first benefit their instruments."; Enterprises require employees to continue to learn before they can improve. As Confucius said, "Good benevolence is not easy to learn, It is also foolish. "; Enterprises pay attention to integrity operations, Confucius has mentioned" Zi Yizhi: Culture, Xing, Loyalty, Faith "...
Actually, in addition to ideological reference and use, In the real economic life, people's worship of Confucius is ubiquitous: "Confucius Family Wine" has become the largest medium -grade white wine in China; People must eat a fast name; "Lilibin She" is the four -star hotel in Qufu's most popular tourists at home and abroad, while there are more than 76 hotels related to Confucius names in Qufu; a company in Shanghai Tens of millions of dollars in the family, a Confucius Chinese and English schools were built in Qufu City, and its students came from several provinces and cities in China. In addition, more than 100 products such as sesame oil and pancakes related to the fonts related to Confucius names reached more than 100 products. ; Every year, more than 3 million tourists at home and abroad come to Qufu to worship and sacrifice holes. The ticket income brought by the ticket income is only 15 million yuan this year ...
The 76th generation of Confucius Sun Kong Lingwen is the owner of the "Confucius Handmade Foot Shoe Factory". At the beginning, he did not register a brand, but produced himself, but the business was general. Later, he was instructed by others to build the "Confucian handmade cloth shoe workshop" website, and the business soon became bigger and bigger. He said that Confucius had a great influence in the world. As his descendants, we first wanted to use the influence of the ancestors to play the popularity of the product. Second, this was also the expansion and extension of the influence of the ancestors. He revealed that his cloth shoes were sold better than other brands, "not acceptable." "Confucius' ideas include a very rich and profound connotation." Kong Fanjin, a professor at the Chinese Department of Shandong University, said, "In today's society, from the government to ordinary people, the reason why everyone pays more and more attention to it is just explanation. There are reasons worth doing this. Among them, the content of 'benevolence and integrity' is in line with the value orientation of today's society. "
. In 1988 A declaration stated that if humans want to survive in the 21st century, they must draw wisdom from Confucius 2500 years ago.
"It should be said that so far, people may only realize the true meaning of one of them." This year's 79 -year -old and 60 years in a world -renowned Confucius research expert, Yuan Qufu City, who has been engaged in cultural relics protection work, Kong Fanyin, deputy director of the Cultural Relics Management Committee, said, "Time is 茌苒, in the future, people will be deeper about this."
Mencius's approachable thinking, showing that at this moment he is familiar with the occurrence of monarchy and maintenance, at this moment he is familiar with the Junping's approachable relationship. At this moment, he is familiar with whether the war should be motivated by the war and the winning or losing war. It can be said that Mencius's talks appear to pay attention to Cangsheng everywhere, and always do not want to be approachable. Mencius's approachable thinking is a milestone in the history of ancient and modern thinking. The convention word: Mencius is close to the original thinking of the angle milestone Mencius born in the middle of the Warring States Period. It proposes his own series of thoughts and governance claims for his feelings of approach, wise and exquisite philosophical thoughts, and unyielding big husband's spirit, and the characteristics of Ping Yi's thoughts are glory. It is easy to be close to the original thinking, and it emerges from the following aspects. . The familiarity of the occurrence of monarchy and maintenance is because Mencius has a strong approachable thinking in the mind of Mencius. Essence First of all, he quoted the "Book" and said: "The sky is easy to get closer, the monarch, the master of the writing, but the teacher of helping God's pet. "Mencius Liang Hui") Mencius quoted this paragraph in "Book", which is intended to be a tool for the monarch to be created by heaven, which is used to help God to control the life and teach people to approach; The monarch is equal in the world, and no one can do it. While well -known monarchy, Mencius emphasized the "easy return". He quoted the "Book": "Tianshi Self -easy myopia, heavenly self -listening" to warn the ruler: "It is easy to get closer and easy to get closer Those who have the country have the whole country, and the disappearance is missing the whole country "(" Mencius Lou Lou "). Jun first enables the public to support himself, and he must pay attention to approach. He uses Yao Shun's story as an example. "Shun Xiangyao has eight years in twenty, and the non -people can do it, heaven. Yao Liga, three years of bereavement, Shun avoiding Yao's son in the south of Nanhe, the nationwide of the country is not a beautiful viewer, not the Yao Yao Yao The son of the son; the prisoner of the litigation, the son of the Yao Yao; the singer, not sang the son of Yao Yao, and sang Shun, so he said: God also. The son of Yao Yao is also usurped, non -heaven and also. Too vowed: "Heavenly vision is easy to get myopia, heavenly listening to self -easy -in -see ', this is also said." It is "heaven and", which is actually "easy to return". "Heaven and" seem to be a guise, and "Pingyi close" is the scale of legitimacy. Sometimes Chen Menzi did not even fight even the guise of "sky". The power of Dang Tian advocated that the power of the emperor and the monarch was given by the courtesy: "If you have a big deal, you will be too old, and you will not listen repeatedly." Mencius Wanzhang). This means that the status and power of the king are not absolute. If he is not beautiful, he has a big mistake and repeatedly disagrees. He can replace him with easy approach. . Familiar with Junping's approach relationship (1) Social division of labor Mencius in the argument with the farmer Xu Xing, rejected Junping's approach to the virtuous monarch, which is not beautiful. And the significance of the division of labor. He said: "There are adults, there are villains. And one person's body, and what the hundred workers are prepared, if they must be used for it, they are the country. Labor; Labor who govern people, laborers are governed by others; those who are governed by others, and those who are governed by others. He is called "easy to approach", the ruler rules the whole country, and the labor is easy to engage in production. This is nothing more than a difference in social division of labor and differences in work. In fact, the two are originally equal. (2) each other Dear is just because the monarch and ministers are close to the concept of equality that is different from the division of labor, so he advocates that the monarchs and ministers are easy to respect each other. ; Junzhi Views are like dogs and horses, then the ministers are like the monarchs; the princes of the king are like earth and mustard, then the ministers are like the king. " Instead, the king of the country looked at the position of the courtiers: the monarch respects the courtiers and regards it as a conscience, then the courtiers will do their best to the monarch; Generally. In short, the monarch respects the courtiers, and the courtiers will respect the monarchs. He quotes what he said to Qi Jinggong: "Also husband, my husband, why is my husband?" ("Mencius Teng Wengong" ) The king is the eldest husband, I am also a big husband. We are equal in personality. Why are I afraid of him? You and I have equal personality. I should respect each other. The obligation that must be fulfilled, he said: "For the monarch, do the monarchy; want to be a minister, to preach." ("Mencius Lou Lou Shang") assigned to you as a monarch, then you have to do it. The work in the duty of the good monarch and fulfilling their duties, otherwise, "already" and "abandoned". "Mencius said:" The king of Qi Xuan said: " On the contrary, it is frozen, what is his wife? "Wang said:" Abandoned. 'Sales:' Scholars can't rule the scholars, what is it? 'Wang said:' " What is the case in the realm? 'The king of the king is at the mercy of him. ("Mencius Liang Hui") Obviously, Mencius uses the system of analogy to guide Qi Xuanwang himself to say "governing the country is good. If the king should do his responsibilities ", otherwise, Cangsheng will" already "and" abandon ". (4) Tongle with Pingyi The top of it is not; it is easy to get close without being close to the same fun, nor is it. Those who are easy to be close to the joy are also happy; Worry. "(" Mencius Liang Hui ") As the monarch of Lao Cangsheng, it should be happy with Cangsheng, otherwise it is wrong. His joy is joy; Jun Chang takes the sadness of Lao Cang's life, and Lao Cangsheng also uses his depression as his depression. In short, Jun Chang has to worry with Cangsheng. (five) light The status and immersion of people's approachableness should be said to have it since ancient times. For example, "The Song of Shang Shu · Wuzi" said: "Ping Yi is close to only the country, and the Guobang Ning." Xunzi in the Warring States Period said: "Jun, boat also; Cover the boat. "Wang Fu in the Eastern Han Dynasty said:" The country is easy to get close. " Nearly the second. And Mencius has the banner of "Pingyi approaches to Guijun", and he said: "It is easy to be as expensive, the society is second, and the monarch is light." At that time, the "Jun Gui Ping is easy to be light and light" that people consensively rolled up one by one, and it was the fact that it was true, so that people reflected from scratch: Who is the heaviest in the country? The cornerstone of the monarch and minister relations is the most concentrated emergence of Mencius. . The familiarity of whether the choice of war and the winning or losing war of war If the beautiful wars are easy to be close to people, it can save the peace and fire, and you can "claim the monarch and the monarchs Tomorrow's approach "(" Mencius Liang Hui "). He believes that the king of Wu is nothing more than "a good husband, and he has not heard of the king." ("Mencius Liang Hui") It is precisely this sentence that makes Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang annoyed. Kait out of the Confucius Temple, and who dares to talk about disrespectful theory. Let the king be embarrassed, and the name of the reputation is obscure to the king's rule, and this just reflects the voices of people's approachable, representing the benefits of people's approachable: if the beautiful king is in the reign, not benevolence, and not the benefit of the life, not the benefits of the life, not the benefits of the life, not the benefits of the life, not the benefits of the life, not the benefits of the life, not the benefits of the life, not the benefits of the life, not the benefits of the life, not the benefits of the life, not the benefits of the life, not the benefits of the life, not the benefits of the life, not the benefits of the life, not the benefits of the life, not the benefits of the life, not the benefits of the life. And just blindly, as well as the dusty and mustard dung, then the people are easy to propose the war **** This brutal king, but it is just a "independent husband". "Jun". Mencius also said: "Book" said: 'Tang Yizheng, from Ge Ka. For the later me? 'It is easy to get close to it, and if the drought is also looking at the clouds. The people who return to the city will not change. The farmer will not change. 》 Said: After me, the bakery is matched with the Su. '' Jinyan abuses its approach, and the king recruits it. ("Mencius Liang Hui") This means that if a wars that are not beautiful are close to people, it is a king who kills his brutal king for life. As I hope to rain in the year of the drought year, I hope that the king leads Rongxing to fight early, and picks the hot rice and the kettle with the heat preservation to greet his Rongxing arrival; if it is not beautiful, this The king goes to other places first, then the life here will complain: Why not hit us first? It's explanation can be seen: Mencius rejected the war with a lot of flavor. If this war is not beautiful, this war is The killing of the brutal king was to remove the harm and approach to the water and fire, then he must have such a war. However, he rejected the rich and strong soldiers who implemented for the hegemony of the princes, thinking that it was helpful to abuse: "The monarch does not have a rural way, not aspirational, and the fighting is the support." ") If you are not beautiful, your king is no longer on his way and pursue benevolence, but you still have to fight hard for him to help him open up territory and go to the criminals. The difference? Mencius also accused the disasters brought by the war to Cangsheng, "fighting for the land, killing the wild; fighting for the city to fight, killing the city." "This is the land and eat human flesh, and the sin cannot be died." Depending on the heart of the people, the peace is easy to be the juncture of war winning. He said: "It's not as good as the place when the sky is, and the location is not as good as others." , To attack relatives, so the right people have no battle, and the battle will win. " Mencius's approachable thinking, showing that at this moment he is familiar with the occurrence of monarchy and maintenance, at this moment he is familiar with the Junping's approachable relationship. At this moment, he is familiar with whether the war should be motivated by the war and the winning or losing war. It can be said that Mencius's talks appear to pay attention to Cangsheng everywhere, and always think about the unsuccessful negligence. Facing the status and immersion of people's approachable status, Cangsheng is more noble than the kingjun. Everything is calculated by people's approachable. It is the most concentrated emergence of Mencius's approachable thoughts, and it is the only thing that is different from the earth. Therefore, Mencius's approachable thinking is a milestone in the history of ancient and modern thoughts!
Confucius advocated "benevolence". Mencius advocates "benevolence".
It Confucius was born in 551 BC and died in 479 BC. It was the end of the Spring and Autumn Period at the age of 73.
Confucius, Kong family, Mingqiu, word Zhongni. The ancestral home of Song Guo (now Xiayi County, Shangqiu City, Henan Province), in the late Spring and Autumn Period, Lu Guoyi (now Nanxin Town, Qufu City, Shandong Province). In the late Spring and Autumn Period, the famous thinkers, politicians, educators, and the founders of Confucianism created the atmosphere of private lectures. Confucius is hailed as "the Saint of Heaven" and "The Wumuo of the Heaven". It was one of the most scholars in society at that time. The emperor and the king of Wenxuan are the head of the "Top Ten Cultural Celebrities in the World".
The legend that he has three thousand disciples and seventy -two disciples, and he has led some disciples to travel around the country. Revised "Poetry", "Book", "Li", "Le", preface "Zhou Yi", and write "Spring and Autumn". After the death of Confucius, his disciples and his disciples recorded the words and deeds and ideas of Confucius and his disciples, and compiled into the famous Confucian classic "The Analects of Confucius". Its Confucianism has a profound impact on China and the world.
The country leader Li Xueqin, chief scientist and expert group of the "Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties" and "Chinese Civilization Source Project", pointed out: Confucius not only created Confucianism, but also created Yi Xue.
The car war in the Spring and Autumn Period is an aristocratic war. Sometimes they look at each other in a competitive manner. There are certain procedures for arraying. Essence "Nothing is" a general trend at the time. According to principles, in some cases, the enemy is not chased. In some cases, do not shoot to the main enemy, and do not set up danger to win with scams. It has already given the enemy's first white spoon trauma, and does not take the second piercing. People with white hair are not subject to captives. These attitudes are very similar to the spirit of the Cavaliers in Europe. Although these principles cannot be complied with, they have a short time in war, and the number of people participating in the war is limited by the number of vehicles. In short, the war in the Spring and Autumn Period shows the instability of society. But the war itself is not enough to cause a comprehensive turbulence of society. In response to these conditions, Confucius was not completely disappointed with the situation at the time. His leisure and elegant represents the society at that time, and it is quite peaceful compared to the riots of the Warring States Period. Therefore, he still advocates "self -denial", showing that the past social order can still be recovered. He sometimes complained, saying what "can't do it, ride in the sea", "Phoenix birds are not, the river does not come out, and I have been a husband." ", That is, restore the original name of everything. "If you are useful, I am the East Zhou?"
This did not mention the goodness of human nature or sexual evil. In the Analects of Confucius, the word "Ren" appeared 66 times, and there were no explanations in two places exactly the same. But he said that although he is a sage, he still has to be vigilant to prevent unrestrained words. It can be seen that he believes that sexual evil comes from innate. He also said, "Observing, Si Zhiren", as if this correction error, promoting his ability to be good. Although it is active, it still needs to be observed internally and outside. Mencius was not hesitant. He once said categorically: "The goodness of human nature is also the water, and the water is not good, and there is no goodness, and the water is all right." Confucius himself admitted that he could learn from the age of 70 that he could not surpass his heart at the age of 70. Mencius's self -confidence can be seen in the words he himself said, "I am good at raising my vast qi". This moral force, by his explanation, is purely generated by himself. So he said, "Whoever is, whoever is, is the same, and if you are, if you are." That is, it is declared that everyone can be a sage.
Confucius attaches great importance to "ritual". Although Confucius praised Guan Zhong's contribution to state affairs, he still did not hesitate to attack his instruments more than the limit of people and ministers. Yan Yuan was a proud disciple of Confucius. When he died, Confucius cried, but Confucius opposed the burial of Yan Yuan according to the principle of "ritual"; and because of the "ritual" needs, Confucius saw Nanzi, making Zilu very unhappy. Although Confucius did not know that Yang goods were people, he still wanted to go back to him while the yang goods were not at home. Mencius has no such patience. King Qi Xuan said he was sick, and he was also called illness. When he saw King Liang Xiang, he came out and said, "Looking at it, he is not like a monarch." Lu Pinggong did not come to visit him, and he did not go to Lu Pinggong. He has suffered or unattended the gifts of the monarchs of various countries. He did Qi Guo's funeral, and when he was envoyed, he never talked about the deputy envoy.
This in the middle, cannot be said to have nothing to do with the personality of Confucius and Mencius. Perhaps the records of "The Analects of Confucius" and "Mencius" are different and have an impact. However, in the sanctuary and Asian Sheng, about two hundred years, the situation in China has changed a lot. Mencius said, "This time, and the other time." These eight words can be used to explain the distance between them.
Menzi (about 372 BC -289 BC), Mingyi, Zi Zi, Han nationality, Lu Guo Zou (now Zoucheng, Shandong Province), legendary he is the noble son of Lu Guoji The descendants of the father, the father's name is excited, and the mother is (zhǎng). Mencius was a great thinker and educator during the Chinese Warring States Period, a representative of the Confucian school.
This politics, Mencius advocated the law of the king and the politics; in terms of theory, he admired Confucius and opposed Yang Zhu and Mo Zhai. Mencius inherited and developed Confucius 'thoughts, but compared with Confucius' thoughts, he joined his understanding of Confucianism, and some thoughts were more extreme. The sealed "Asian Sheng Gong" was called Yasheng by later generations. His disciples and disciples recorded Mencius's words and deeds as the book "Mencius". The book of prose of the phrase was the compilation of Mencius's remarks. He advocated benevolence and put forward the people's ideas of "the light of the people and noble monarchs", and traveled to all countries such as Qi, Song, Teng, Wei, and Lu, hoping to follow Confucius to implement their own political claims, which lasted more than 20 years. However, Mencius's benevolent theory is considered to be "far away and broader than things." In the end, he retreated to lecture, together with his students, "Poetry" and "Book", describing Zhongni (that is, Confucius), as seven articles "Mencius".
"Mencius" mentioned that he saw King Liang Hui at the beginning of the opening. It was a matter of 336 BC. It has been 67 years before the Warring States Period. After 115 years, Qin Cai destroyed the six nations to unify China. During the Spring and Autumn Period, although the feudal system of the Zhou Dynasty could not be maintained, it was not completely corrupted. In the past, the small countries of each small country were politics. They presided over the national government's Qing and doctors and the taxis of the subordinate officers. All of them were hereditary, everything was in accordance with the rules, and everything was not applicable to the principle of "ritual". The conquest is still in the name of morality. Even if the rebellion is usurped, it will also invite the support related to the stakes of themselves. But the most important thing is that the war at this time has not affected the whole people, and it does not cause parents and brothers and wives to be discrete. Sometimes it is known as "revolutionary". This is because of the turmoil of the Warring States Period, which made him know that it was not possible to recover the stance without changing the string. Qi people were preparing to cut the swallow, and he said that Yan Kataba. King Qi Xuan asked the duty that he should do. He said, "If you have a big time, you will be easy to listen without listening." King Liang Xiang asked him: "The world is evil?" He replied: "It is set to one." King Xiang chased again, "Can one be one?" Mencius said, "Don't add to the murderer. "He once told Liang Hui that" the place is hundreds of miles, but can be king. " This is not what Confucius said, "Don't look at rituals, don't listen to rituals, don't speak without rituals, don't move without ritual".
When Mencius began to lobby, it was also Shang Yang's torture. Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period, have prepared long -term fighting. Although the war at this time has not been as violent as in the end of the Warring States Period -all those over the age of fifteen years old must report to the fifteen years old, and 400,000 or 450,000 are buried -but at this time it is no longer spring and autumn. Times competitive war. Shang Yang Xiangqin, the first thing is to "make the people", which is based on the principle of a military organization, coupled with the whole people. On the battlefield, the cavalry also appeared, and the number of infantry people also increased a lot. "Beheading 60,000", "Beheading Seven Thousands" has begun to see the records of various countries. Mencius said: "People in the world who are in the world, there are no murderers." This sentence may reflect the situation of all countries at that time, and it can also be said that he was a kind of complaint against the nation's fate at the time. What he said, "the people have hunger, and the wild is hungry" cannot be targeted.
The difference between gifts
In after the Song Dynasty, "Mencius" became one of the "Four Books". In fact, it accounted for more than half of the "Four Books". The standard of 士 取 has an irregular impact on the history of Chinese thought. And Asian Sheng's heart with compassion, he invited the people. Sometimes he said what he said, and sometimes he was in your intuition, such as "seeing the cow without seeing the sheep", "gentleman far away kitchen". His theory of sexual goodness must have a compulsive inference. Since human beings are good, it is not too much forcing people to maintain this nature. This key is the freedom of Rousseau. His low -level equality thoughts -for example, "Le Sui full, the fierce year is unavoidable to death", and "provincial criminal penalty, thin tax convergence", in a simple agricultural society, is served as classics, and at the same time is in line with facts need. But today we read all "Mencius" and "Four Books", but we can't think of it as a political philosophy. We must also study their historical background. Sometimes it is the same as Mencius itself. Essence
First, Confucius and Mencius is the representative of the Confucian school.
This of Confucius's thoughts with "benevolence", thinking that "benevolent" is "love". Put forward the arguments such as "do not do what you want, do not do people", "self -desire to stand up, and want to reach people" and other arguments. : "Cerelery for self -denial is benevolence."
The religious superstition of the ghosts and gods since Yin Zhou, adopting doubts, thinking that "unknown life, knowing things ghosts", "unknown life, no gentleman." He also pays attention to the combination of "learning" and "thinking", and puts forward the views such as "learning without thinking, thinking without learning" and "warming and knowing new". The first private lecturer, advocating for teaching according to their aptitude, "there is no class", "learning without tires, tirelessness", emphasizing that "gentleman learning is loved, and villains are easy to do." Politically put forward the "rectification" claim, thinking that "the monarch, the ministers, the father, the father, and the son" should all be true to the "name", and put forward the view that "not suffer from suffering from unevenness, not suffering from poverty" viewpoints. Essence Since the Western Han Dynasty, Confucius has become the cultural orthodox of the feudal society for more than 2,000 years, which has a great impact.
Men Mencius inherited and developed Confucius' German thoughts, developed into a benevolent doctrine, and became the core of its political thought. He applied the principles of "kiss" and "long" to politics to ease class contradictions and safeguard the long -term interests of the feudal ruling class.
Monzi combines ethics and politics, emphasizing moral cultivation is the foundation of politics. He said: "The world is in the country, the nation is at home, and the family is in the body." Later, the "Xiu Qi Zhi Ping" proposed by "University" was developed based on Mencius's thoughts.
Monzi summarizes the moral norms into four types, namely benevolence, righteousness, etiquette, and wisdom. At the same time, the relationship between humanity is summarized into five types, that is, "father and son have relatives, monarchs and ministers are righteous, couples are different, long and young, friends have faith."
The highest category of Mencius philosophical thought is heaven. Mencius inherited Confucius' destiny thoughts, eliminated the meaning of the residual personality god, and imagined heaven as a spiritual entity with moral attributes. He said: "Sincerity, the way of heaven also." Mencius stipulated the ethical concept of Cheng as the essential attribute of heaven, thinking that heaven is the original originality of humanity.
. Confucius and Mencius both admire the thoughts of "benevolence" and both tell the "benevolent lover", but there is a large difference between the two.
First of all, from the personality of the two. Confucius was lingering, while Mencius was biased towards the world. As the founder of Confucianism, Confucius naturally leads to example and wants to be atmospheric, and he has to be a thick Confucian elder. This is related to the experience of Confucius' life. In his early years, Confucius was poor, he had done a drummer, and also let go of cattle and sheep. He was self -taught. Therefore, he naturally developed a humble personality. Respectfully. After becoming a materials, he also took this respectful habit, so he had the idea of "teaching and no class". He wanted young people to take less detours and teach young people. He is a teacher and an elder. Therefore, his tempering sub -road will be affected by him and worship him as a teacher. Forgiveness is always his creed of life. For example, in Chen Guo, he was described as a "bereavement dog" by others, and he was not angry. But in principle, righteous words are strict and uncompromising. When he found that Lu Guojun's ministers enjoyed the music he should not enjoy, he would also say "to be tolerable, unbearable." Therefore, Confucius's thickness contains righteousness. Mencius is different, and Mencius is even more angry. Mencius lived during the Warring States Period. During that period, the princes attacked each other. Renyi was already left behind, and the tradition of "extinguishing the success" also disappeared. However, the gods fought, mortals suffered, the people were displaced, and they were hungry. Mencius has closely linked the individual and society. He takes the people's duty as his responsibility. Naturally, he can't see the set of the princes. Stiring his indignation. Confucius is also angry, but his greatest anger is "the Tao is not good, and it floats to the sea." Mencius is different. Confucius' anger was born, Mencius's anger is the WTO, a heroic feeling, confidence. The more angry, the more he will enter the WTO. Therefore, from the perspective of the personality of later generations, Mencius's influence exceeded Confucius.
Secondly, from their views on "benevolence", Confucius is the founder of the building, and Mencius is the founder and improvement of the building. Confucius proposed the "benevolent" idea of "in the spring and autumn without righteous war". He did not specify the "benevolent" ideology, and "benevolent" was just a general concept. On the basis of "benevolence", Mencius made its image as "unbearable heart", and established "sexual good theory" to discuss it, and then put forward the concept of "benevolence". From "benevolence" to "benevolent politics" is a leap from social morality to social politics. This leap will better consolidate the "benevolent" and can better implement the "benevolent politics".
Third, from the perspective of specific governance, Confucius' administration program is relatively simple and primitive, and Mencius ’s administration programs are more detailed and specific. Confucius governing the world, but the two end of the "ceremony and music", his ritual is not to be overwhelming, the monarch, the ministers, the father, the father, the son; In simple terms, Jianzheng Shi Ren. Confucius also agreed with the development of the economy. He agreed with Guan Zhong very much. He said, "Micro controlled Zhong, I watched the left". He also agreed to punish it with appropriate punishment, but he did not agree with the punishment. Mencius is different. He believes that "the people are expensive, the community is the second, and the monarch is light", thinking that it can kill the "independent husband". To govern the country, "the joy of the ancient music is still happy", and to be "enjoying the people with the people" for the monarchs, so as to teach the people. Mencius did not agree with the punishment, but because of the punishment of various countries during the Warring States Period, he believed that the punishment was a "netizen". And he is most agreed with the development of the "five acres of houses, the trees are mulberry, and the fifty can be worn; At the time of the acres, there is no hunger at the time of the 10th home. " Mencius's economy is the two ends of "education".
In general, the difference between Confucius and Mencius is probably in these three aspects, and their differences are mainly due to the times.
Ren the world with benevolence
睡 What kind of fell asleep, my mother -in -law went to the hospital, Yunpan's fingers. This is plastic 8 daughter.
Confucius is the founder of Confucianism. Confucianism has a profound influence on Chinese culture. Naturally, it is necessary to mention him. This is also the pride of Chinese history and culture in the world. Some of Confucius' thoughts still have their practical significance today. Do you use it? Mainly because Confucius' thoughts on spiritual realm are as applicable today. For example:
, according to the realm of personality, divide people into villains, gentlemen, and saints;
according to the psychological category, divide people into three categories of wise, brave and benevolent; Realm:
The wise man of villain (Xiaozhi),
The brave of the villain (Xiaoyong),
The villain's benevolent (Xiaode).
The wise man of gentleman (Da Zhi),
The couple of the gentleman (Da Yong),
The wise man of the saint (Sheng Zhi),
The brave of the saints (Saint Yong),
The benevolent of the saint (Saint De).
In the textbooks, people can understand the essence of Confucius' thoughts, that is, with "benevolence" as the core and "ritual" as a form, focusing on self -cultivation. Among them, the connotation of "benevolence" is very rich. It can be seen that "benevolent" is a noble spiritual and moral realm and valuable ideology, and it is also a personal value orientation of individuals to others and groups. For politics and virtue, take the trust of the people, diligently and love the people, to use the people to use the people, worry about the people, etc., it can be said that it is the most basic requirement to implement the benevolence; "Etiquette" and other content, and more widely refer to a set of ritual laws and concepts that maintain a set of ritual laws and concepts that maintain the normal order of the country and society.
has no doubt that Confucius thought with "benevolence" and "ritual" as the central content has a profound impact in the Chinese, the world of the world, and even the world. However, in the "Cultural Revolution" in the 1960s and 1970s, the Chinese government once called on people to "break the four old" and "knock down Confucius" because Confucius' thoughts were "too feudal" and "loyalty thoughts were too heavy. ", Concept is" too mediocre ", and so on. "It was a special era of solving Confucius culture for political reasons for political reasons." Ding Chen, deputy director of the Qufu City Cultural Relics Bureau, said, "How to understand the essence and dross of them requires a nation to think."
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, to this day, looking forward to China, people's emphasis on Confucius' thoughts can be seen everywhere:
In the Chinese government in governing the country, it advocates justice, the so -called "politician, right"; Pay attention to benevolence and advocate "governing the country with virtue" under the premise of maintaining the spirit of the legal system. In the "three representatives" proposed by the Communist Party of China, the final point is "the interests of the masses." Under the guidance of this policy, at present, governments and governments at all levels have regarded integrity and diligence, diligence and people, and love the people.
"Confucius' thoughts have guiding significance for governors from all over the world." Zhang Zhuxiu, deputy director of the Office of the Personnel Department of Shandong Province, said, "No matter which regime, if it is unfair, unfair, it is not for it. If the interests of the masses, this regime cannot be maintained for a long time. "
In the cultural field, Confucius' influence is still deeply deepened after more than 2500 years: in Qufu Normal University, Confucius Middle School, Confucius Middle School, Confucius Middle School, Confucius Middle School, Thousands of Chinese, middle and elementary school campuses such as Qufu Experimental Primary School, and other thousands of Chinese and elementary schools, Confucius' statues are very eye -catching -as a world -renowned cultural sage and educator, Confucius's status in the hearts of students is still irreplaceable;
Except for the campus, Confucius' influence in the entire Chinese cultural community can be called the right right: the "Confucius Research" and "Confucius and China" published by the Confucius Foundation and other units of the Confucius Foundation of China are all over the world; The International Confucius Cultural Festival organized by the National Tourism Administration exceeded one year for more than one year, including a number of internationally renowned cultural masters, senior Chinese government officials, and VIPs, including foreign envoys, all attended the meeting; There are more than 100 Confucius websites; Qufu's "Three Confucius" in Qufu in the hometown of Confucius has been listed as one of the hundred patriotic education bases across the country; As a teaching material for citizen's moral construction, the ideological education of minors, the quality of citizens, and corporate culture, for people to learn and experience ...
In the economic field, many Confucius' ideas have been widely advocated, use. Production companies pay attention to relying on product quality to play the market, just as Confucius: "Workers want to be good, they must first benefit their instruments."; Enterprises require employees to continue to learn before they can improve. As Confucius said, "Good benevolence is not easy to learn, It is also foolish. "; Enterprises pay attention to integrity operations, Confucius has mentioned" Zi Yizhi: Culture, Xing, Loyalty, Faith "...
Actually, in addition to ideological reference and use, In the real economic life, people's worship of Confucius is ubiquitous: "Confucius Family Wine" has become the largest medium -grade white wine in China; People must eat a fast name; "Lilibin She" is the four -star hotel in Qufu's most popular tourists at home and abroad, while there are more than 76 hotels related to Confucius names in Qufu; a company in Shanghai Tens of millions of dollars in the family, a Confucius Chinese and English schools were built in Qufu City, and its students came from several provinces and cities in China. In addition, more than 100 products such as sesame oil and pancakes related to the fonts related to Confucius names reached more than 100 products. ; Every year, more than 3 million tourists at home and abroad come to Qufu to worship and sacrifice holes. The ticket income brought by the ticket income is only 15 million yuan this year ...
The 76th generation of Confucius Sun Kong Lingwen is the owner of the "Confucius Handmade Foot Shoe Factory". At the beginning, he did not register a brand, but produced himself, but the business was general. Later, he was instructed by others to build the "Confucian handmade cloth shoe workshop" website, and the business soon became bigger and bigger. He said that Confucius had a great influence in the world. As his descendants, we first wanted to use the influence of the ancestors to play the popularity of the product. Second, this was also the expansion and extension of the influence of the ancestors. He revealed that his cloth shoes were sold better than other brands, "not acceptable." "Confucius' ideas include a very rich and profound connotation." Kong Fanjin, a professor at the Chinese Department of Shandong University, said, "In today's society, from the government to ordinary people, the reason why everyone pays more and more attention to it is just explanation. There are reasons worth doing this. Among them, the content of 'benevolence and integrity' is in line with the value orientation of today's society. "
. In 1988 A declaration stated that if humans want to survive in the 21st century, they must draw wisdom from Confucius 2500 years ago.
"It should be said that so far, people may only realize the true meaning of one of them." This year's 79 -year -old and 60 years in a world -renowned Confucius research expert, Yuan Qufu City, who has been engaged in cultural relics protection work, Kong Fanyin, deputy director of the Cultural Relics Management Committee, said, "Time is 茌苒, in the future, people will be deeper about this."
Mencius's approachable thinking, showing that at this moment he is familiar with the occurrence of monarchy and maintenance, at this moment he is familiar with the Junping's approachable relationship. At this moment, he is familiar with whether the war should be motivated by the war and the winning or losing war. It can be said that Mencius's talks appear to pay attention to Cangsheng everywhere, and always do not want to be approachable. Mencius's approachable thinking is a milestone in the history of ancient and modern thinking.
The convention word: Mencius is close to the original thinking of the angle milestone
Mencius born in the middle of the Warring States Period. It proposes his own series of thoughts and governance claims for his feelings of approach, wise and exquisite philosophical thoughts, and unyielding big husband's spirit, and the characteristics of Ping Yi's thoughts are glory. It is easy to be close to the original thinking, and it emerges from the following aspects.
. The familiarity of the occurrence of monarchy and maintenance
is because Mencius has a strong approachable thinking in the mind of Mencius. Essence First of all, he quoted the "Book" and said: "The sky is easy to get closer, the monarch, the master of the writing, but the teacher of helping God's pet. "Mencius Liang Hui") Mencius quoted this paragraph in "Book", which is intended to be a tool for the monarch to be created by heaven, which is used to help God to control the life and teach people to approach; The monarch is equal in the world, and no one can do it.
While well -known monarchy, Mencius emphasized the "easy return". He quoted the "Book": "Tianshi Self -easy myopia, heavenly self -listening" to warn the ruler: "It is easy to get closer and easy to get closer Those who have the country have the whole country, and the disappearance is missing the whole country "(" Mencius Lou Lou "). Jun first enables the public to support himself, and he must pay attention to approach. He uses Yao Shun's story as an example. "Shun Xiangyao has eight years in twenty, and the non -people can do it, heaven. Yao Liga, three years of bereavement, Shun avoiding Yao's son in the south of Nanhe, the nationwide of the country is not a beautiful viewer, not the Yao Yao Yao The son of the son; the prisoner of the litigation, the son of the Yao Yao; the singer, not sang the son of Yao Yao, and sang Shun, so he said: God also. The son of Yao Yao is also usurped, non -heaven and also. Too vowed: "Heavenly vision is easy to get myopia, heavenly listening to self -easy -in -see ', this is also said." It is "heaven and", which is actually "easy to return". "Heaven and" seem to be a guise, and "Pingyi close" is the scale of legitimacy. Sometimes Chen Menzi did not even fight even the guise of "sky". The power of Dang Tian advocated that the power of the emperor and the monarch was given by the courtesy: "If you have a big deal, you will be too old, and you will not listen repeatedly." Mencius Wanzhang). This means that the status and power of the king are not absolute. If he is not beautiful, he has a big mistake and repeatedly disagrees. He can replace him with easy approach.
. Familiar with Junping's approach relationship
(1) Social division of labor
Mencius in the argument with the farmer Xu Xing, rejected Junping's approach to the virtuous monarch, which is not beautiful. And the significance of the division of labor. He said: "There are adults, there are villains. And one person's body, and what the hundred workers are prepared, if they must be used for it, they are the country. Labor; Labor who govern people, laborers are governed by others; those who are governed by others, and those who are governed by others. He is called "easy to approach", the ruler rules the whole country, and the labor is easy to engage in production. This is nothing more than a difference in social division of labor and differences in work. In fact, the two are originally equal.
(2) each other Dear
is just because the monarch and ministers are close to the concept of equality that is different from the division of labor, so he advocates that the monarchs and ministers are easy to respect each other. ; Junzhi Views are like dogs and horses, then the ministers are like the monarchs; the princes of the king are like earth and mustard, then the ministers are like the king. " Instead, the king of the country looked at the position of the courtiers: the monarch respects the courtiers and regards it as a conscience, then the courtiers will do their best to the monarch; Generally. In short, the monarch respects the courtiers, and the courtiers will respect the monarchs. He quotes what he said to Qi Jinggong: "Also husband, my husband, why is my husband?" ("Mencius Teng Wengong" ) The king is the eldest husband, I am also a big husband. We are equal in personality. Why are I afraid of him? You and I have equal personality. I should respect each other. The obligation that must be fulfilled, he said: "For the monarch, do the monarchy; want to be a minister, to preach." ("Mencius Lou Lou Shang") assigned to you as a monarch, then you have to do it. The work in the duty of the good monarch and fulfilling their duties, otherwise, "already" and "abandoned". "Mencius said:" The king of Qi Xuan said: " On the contrary, it is frozen, what is his wife? "Wang said:" Abandoned. 'Sales:' Scholars can't rule the scholars, what is it? 'Wang said:' " What is the case in the realm? 'The king of the king is at the mercy of him. ("Mencius Liang Hui") Obviously, Mencius uses the system of analogy to guide Qi Xuanwang himself to say "governing the country is good. If the king should do his responsibilities ", otherwise, Cangsheng will" already "and" abandon ".
(4) Tongle with Pingyi
The top of it is not; it is easy to get close without being close to the same fun, nor is it. Those who are easy to be close to the joy are also happy; Worry. "(" Mencius Liang Hui ") As the monarch of Lao Cangsheng, it should be happy with Cangsheng, otherwise it is wrong. His joy is joy; Jun Chang takes the sadness of Lao Cang's life, and Lao Cangsheng also uses his depression as his depression. In short, Jun Chang has to worry with Cangsheng.
(five) light
The status and immersion of people's approachableness should be said to have it since ancient times. For example, "The Song of Shang Shu · Wuzi" said: "Ping Yi is close to only the country, and the Guobang Ning." Xunzi in the Warring States Period said: "Jun, boat also; Cover the boat. "Wang Fu in the Eastern Han Dynasty said:" The country is easy to get close. " Nearly the second. And Mencius has the banner of "Pingyi approaches to Guijun", and he said: "It is easy to be as expensive, the society is second, and the monarch is light." At that time, the "Jun Gui Ping is easy to be light and light" that people consensively rolled up one by one, and it was the fact that it was true, so that people reflected from scratch: Who is the heaviest in the country? The cornerstone of the monarch and minister relations is the most concentrated emergence of Mencius.
. The familiarity of whether the choice of war and the winning or losing war of war
If the beautiful wars are easy to be close to people, it can save the peace and fire, and you can "claim the monarch and the monarchs Tomorrow's approach "(" Mencius Liang Hui "). He believes that the king of Wu is nothing more than "a good husband, and he has not heard of the king." ("Mencius Liang Hui") It is precisely this sentence that makes Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang annoyed. Kait out of the Confucius Temple, and who dares to talk about disrespectful theory. Let the king be embarrassed, and the name of the reputation is obscure to the king's rule, and this just reflects the voices of people's approachable, representing the benefits of people's approachable: if the beautiful king is in the reign, not benevolence, and not the benefit of the life, not the benefits of the life, not the benefits of the life, not the benefits of the life, not the benefits of the life, not the benefits of the life, not the benefits of the life, not the benefits of the life, not the benefits of the life, not the benefits of the life, not the benefits of the life, not the benefits of the life, not the benefits of the life, not the benefits of the life, not the benefits of the life, not the benefits of the life, not the benefits of the life. And just blindly, as well as the dusty and mustard dung, then the people are easy to propose the war **** This brutal king, but it is just a "independent husband". "Jun".
Mencius also said: "Book" said: 'Tang Yizheng, from Ge Ka. For the later me? 'It is easy to get close to it, and if the drought is also looking at the clouds. The people who return to the city will not change. The farmer will not change. 》 Said: After me, the bakery is matched with the Su. '' Jinyan abuses its approach, and the king recruits it. ("Mencius Liang Hui") This means that if a wars that are not beautiful are close to people, it is a king who kills his brutal king for life. As I hope to rain in the year of the drought year, I hope that the king leads Rongxing to fight early, and picks the hot rice and the kettle with the heat preservation to greet his Rongxing arrival; if it is not beautiful, this The king goes to other places first, then the life here will complain: Why not hit us first?
It's explanation can be seen: Mencius rejected the war with a lot of flavor. If this war is not beautiful, this war is The killing of the brutal king was to remove the harm and approach to the water and fire, then he must have such a war. However, he rejected the rich and strong soldiers who implemented for the hegemony of the princes, thinking that it was helpful to abuse: "The monarch does not have a rural way, not aspirational, and the fighting is the support." ") If you are not beautiful, your king is no longer on his way and pursue benevolence, but you still have to fight hard for him to help him open up territory and go to the criminals. The difference? Mencius also accused the disasters brought by the war to Cangsheng, "fighting for the land, killing the wild; fighting for the city to fight, killing the city." "This is the land and eat human flesh, and the sin cannot be died." Depending on the heart of the people, the peace is easy to be the juncture of war winning. He said: "It's not as good as the place when the sky is, and the location is not as good as others." , To attack relatives, so the right people have no battle, and the battle will win. " Mencius's approachable thinking, showing that at this moment he is familiar with the occurrence of monarchy and maintenance, at this moment he is familiar with the Junping's approachable relationship. At this moment, he is familiar with whether the war should be motivated by the war and the winning or losing war. It can be said that Mencius's talks appear to pay attention to Cangsheng everywhere, and always think about the unsuccessful negligence. Facing the status and immersion of people's approachable status, Cangsheng is more noble than the kingjun. Everything is calculated by people's approachable. It is the most concentrated emergence of Mencius's approachable thoughts, and it is the only thing that is different from the earth. Therefore, Mencius's approachable thinking is a milestone in the history of ancient and modern thoughts!